To add or subtract rational functions or expressions, determine the lowest
common denominator (LCD). To do this, factor all the denominators. The LCD
consists of the product of any common factors and all the unique factors.
• The LCD is not always the product of all the denominators.
• After finding the LCD, rewrite each term using the LCD as the denominator and
then add or subtract numerators.
• Restrictions are found by finding the zeros of all denominators, that is, the
zeros of the LCD.